Aircraft icing will affect flight safety and sometimes cause serious flight accidents. It is of great significance to study the adhesion strength between icing and substrate, which can provide specific index requirements for aircraft anti-icing and deicing system. The adhesive strength is affected by many factors. This paper focuses on the effect of the initial temperature of frozen water used to freeze ice on the adhesion strength in the frozen ice experiment, and analyzes the variation law based on the nucleation theory. Firstly, based on the direct mechanical test method, an experimental platform for measuring the shear adhesion force was built. Then, the adhesion force of the substrate under different freezing temperatures was measured, and the temperature changes of water/ice during freezing were collected. Finally, the experimental phenomena are analyzed by nucleation theory. The results show that with the increase of initial temperature of freezing water, the shear adhesion strength between ice and aluminum plate increases gradually; With the increase of the initial temperature of freezing water, the degree of supercooling of water before freezing increases gradually; Different initial temperature of freezing water can change the nucleation barrier and nucleation rate by changing the undercooling degree, and finally affect the adhesion strength.