With the widespread application of ceramic matrix composites in hot end components of advanced aero-engines, it becomes particularly important to conduct efficient and accurate nondestructive characterization of defects/damages formed during the whole life cycle. Due to the complex preparation and forming process of ceramic matrix composites and the high heterogeneity and anisotropy caused by multiphase composite, the traditional nondestructive testing technology based on the assumption of global homogenization faces many challenges. Based on the application of ceramic matrix composites in aero-engine field, the typical defect/damage types and characteristics in the whole life cycle of ceramic matrix composites were analyzed. The research progress and application of nondestructive characterization techniques of ceramic matrix composites in recent years were reviewed, the main challenges faced by existing nondestructive characterization techniques were summarized, and the future development trend was prospected.