It is of vital importance to develop counter-rotating compressor for military and national defense, and the aerodynamic design of counter-rotating compressors is a prerequisite for the purpose. A detailed analysis of the internal flow characteristics of the counter-rotating compressor was conducted, and the aerodynamic design ideas and methods of the counter-rotating compressor were explored. On the basis of balancing the aerodynamic and geometric design parameters, as well as the coordination and matching between the front and rear rotor design parameters, a 1/2+1 counter-rotating compressor aerodynamic scheme design was completed. The full three-dimensional numerical simulation results showed that the designed counter-rotating compressor meets the overall performance indexes with high aerodynamic performance.