The completion of the Chinese space station marks the successful realization of China"s three-step development strategy for manned spaceflight. In the future, astronauts will routinely conduct spaceflights and remain in space for long-term stay to execute scientific missions. However, during spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to challenges such as hypergravity, microgravity, radiation, and isolation. These conditions directly threaten the normal functionality of their musculoskeletal, neurological, and immune systems. Notably, abnormalities in astronauts" cerebral neurological functions can impact their cognitive abilities, potentially jeopardizing the successful completion of space missions. Therefore, safeguarding the cerebral neurological functions of astronauts during spaceflight is of paramount importance. This paper examines the influence of spaceflight on astronauts" cerebral neurological functions from both spatial and temporal perspectives. It summarizes the current state and challenges of protecting these brain functions. Centering on the key issues at hand, this paper also offers a forward-looking perspective on future strategies for protecting astronauts" cerebral neurological functions, aiming to present new ideas and directions for ensuring their neurological wellbeing during spaceflights and the successful execution of space missions.