With the increase in demand for long-range rapid delivery of heavy equipment and materials such as missile launch vehicles, heavy tanks, and intelligent unmanned clusters, and the gradual maturity of penetrating counterair capabilities such as stealth fighters, long-range air-to-air missiles, and autonomous weapons beyond defense area, the existing conven-tional large-scale military transport aircraft will face great threats in terms of future battlefield requirements and survivabil-ity, the range of mobility/refueling/ early-warning will be severely squeezed. This paper first gives a brief overview of the current status of conventional large-scale military transport aircraft, then introduces the next generation of large-scale mili-tary transport aircraft and its key technologies developed by the United States and Russia, such as SACD, HWB, BWB and PAK TA. These pre-research programs and key technologies provide stealth transport/fueling/early-warning capabilities and even penetrating counterair capabilities for the next-generation large military transportation/tanker/early-warning air-craft. Finally, a brief analysis of aerodynamic layout and operation application trends of next generation large transporta-tion aircraft has been given, and an aerodynamics layout of HWB with TeDP has been proposed.